rebuild dev and build system with single marp server
- simplify development: single marp server on port 3000 instead of 3 processes - rename klausur to klausurfolien for better naming - update extract script to use 00-intro.md as template when no 01-*.md exists - update makefile and package.json for new workflow - add comprehensive AGENTS.md guidelines
This commit is contained in:
197
AGENTS.md
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197
AGENTS.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
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# AGENTS.md - Agent Guidelines for HdM Slides
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This file contains comprehensive guidelines for agentic coding agents working on the HdM Slides project.
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## Project Overview
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This project builds presentation decks for Marp, supporting multiple courses:
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- **223015b** - Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien (6 Kapitel)
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- **223015c** - Internettechnologien (3 Kapitel)
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## Development Workflow
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### Build Commands
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```bash
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# Development
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make dev # Start single dev server on port 3000
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npm run dev # Alternative command for development server
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# Build
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make build # Build all courses (HTML + PDF)
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make build-b # Build 223015b only
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make build-c # Build 223015c only
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make html # HTML only builds
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make pdf # PDF only builds
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# Klausur Folien
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make klausur # Extract klausurfolien for all courses
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make klausur-b # Extract klausurfolien for 223015b
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make klausur-c # Extract klausurfolien for 223015c
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# Deployment
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make deploy # Deploy all courses (requires explicit permission)
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make deploy-b # Deploy 223015b only
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make deploy-c # Deploy 223015c only
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# Utilities
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make qr URL=... # Generate QR code
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make optimize-images COURSE=223015b # Resize images
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make clean # Remove generated files
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```
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### Testing
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No specific test framework is used. To validate changes:
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1. Start dev server: `make dev`
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2. Open http://localhost:3000/223015b/ or /223015c/
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3. Verify slides render correctly
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4. Run `make build` to ensure no build errors
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5. Check generated files in `build/` directory
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## Code Style Guidelines
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### File Structure
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- Slides in `slides/<course>/` following naming pattern `NN-topic.md`
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- Assets in `slides/<course>/assets/`
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- Always reference images as `./assets/filename.png`
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- Scripts in `scripts/`
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- Themes in `themes/`
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- Generated output in `build/` (gitignored)
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### Naming Conventions
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- Slide files: `NN-topic.md` (e.g., `01-grundlagen.md`, `02-bilder.md`)
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- Images: `snake_case.jpg` or `kebab-case.jpg`
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- Klausur files: `klausurfolien.md` (auto-generated)
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- Function names in scripts: `snake_case`
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- Variable names in scripts: `snake_case`
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### Markdown Style
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- Use ATX-style headers (`# ## ###`)
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- YAML frontmatter for slide metadata at top of each file
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- Never include a final `---` (creates empty slide)
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- Use `<!-- _class: klausur -->` for exam-relevant slides
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- Use relative paths for assets: `./assets/image.png`
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### Script Style
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- Use `#!/usr/bin/env bash` shebang
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- Use `set -e` for error handling
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- Use `2>/dev/null || true` for optional operations
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- Define variables in UPPER_CASE at script top
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- Use colors for terminal output: `\033[0;32m` etc.
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### Git Workflow
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- Commit messages: ALWAYS lowercase
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- NEVER add co-authoring lines or generated footers
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- Follow semantic naming: "add-...", "fix-...", "update-..."
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- Commit changes to scripts, Makefile, documentation separately from slide content
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## Agent Restrictions
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### Security
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- NEVER run commands outside `/home/mwc/Coding/hdm` folder
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- NEVER run build/deploy commands without explicit user request
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- NEVER run deploy commands (make deploy, scp, etc.) without explicit permission
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### File Protection
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Slide files in `slides/*/*.md` are main content files:
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- **ALLOWED**: Adding slides, adjusting content, fixing typos, enhancing sections
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- **FORBIDDEN** (without permission): Deleting slides, removing sections, bulk deletions
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- Before ANY deletion: ALWAYS ask user for confirmation
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### Klausur Handling
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- Klausur files (`klausurfolien.md`) are auto-generated
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- NEVER edit klausurfolien.md files directly
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- To update klausurfolien: edit source slides with `<!-- _class: klausur -->` markers
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- Run `make klausur` to regenerate
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## Development Patterns
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### Adding New Slides
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1. Create new file following `NN-topic.md` pattern
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2. Copy frontmatter from existing slides in the same course
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3. Update Makefile `_KAPITEL` variable if needed
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4. Test with `make dev`
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### Modifying Existing Slides
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1. Edit the appropriate markdown file in `slides/<course>/`
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2. Maintain consistent styling with course theme
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3. Preserve image paths as `./assets/...`
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4. Test changes with dev server
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### Working with Assets
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1. Place images in `slides/<course>/assets/`
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2. Use descriptive names: `diagram-network.jpg`, `example-code.png`
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3. Optimize with `make optimize-images COURSE=223015b`
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4. Reference as `./assets/filename.ext`
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### Course-Specific Configuration
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Each course has specific settings in Makefile:
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- Course name and title
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- Kapitel list (slide files)
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- Deploy path
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- Theme colors (in generate-index.sh)
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## Common Tasks
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### Debugging Build Issues
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1. Check Makefile syntax: `make -n build`
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2. Verify Marp CLI installation: `npx @marp-team/marp-cli --version`
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3. Check file permissions: `ls -la slides/`
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4. Validate markdown syntax with dev server
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### Updating Course Structure
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1. Update `_KAPITEL` variables in Makefile
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2. Ensure slide files follow naming convention
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3. Update course-specific themes if needed
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4. Test both dev and build processes
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### Working with Themes
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- Custom theme in `themes/custom-theme.css`
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- Course themes defined in individual slide frontmatter
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- Use consistent color schemes per course
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- Test theme changes across all slides
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## Deployment Process
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Deployment to production server requires explicit permission:
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1. Build process: `make build` (HTML + PDF)
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2. Index generation: automatically handled
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3. Deploy to remote server via SCP
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4. Root index deployment
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**IMPORTANT**: Never run deployment commands without explicit user permission.
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## Tools and Dependencies
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### Core Dependencies
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- Marp CLI for slide rendering
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- Bash scripts for automation
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- Make for build orchestration
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- Git for version control
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### Optional Tools
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- qrencode for QR generation (via nix)
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- ImageMagick for image optimization
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- Python 3 for simple HTTP server (legacy)
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## Testing Strategy
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Since there's no formal test suite:
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1. Manual testing with dev server
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2. Build process validation
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3. Slide rendering checks
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4. Asset path verification
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5. Cross-browser compatibility checks (important)
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## Troubleshooting
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### Common Issues
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- **Port conflicts**: Use `make dev-kill` to clean up processes
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- **Build failures**: Check file permissions and Marp CLI installation
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- **Asset loading**: Verify relative paths and file existence
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- **Deploy issues**: Check SSH keys and remote permissions
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### Getting Help
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1. Check this AGENTS.md file first
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2. Review Makefile targets and scripts
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3. Test changes incrementally
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4. Maintain backup of working configurations
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31
Makefile
31
Makefile
@@ -7,19 +7,13 @@
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COURSES = 223015b 223015c
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SLIDES_DIR = slides
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# Port configuration (index starts at BASE_PORT, courses increment from there)
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BASE_PORT = 1310
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INDEX_PORT = $(BASE_PORT)
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# Course-specific settings
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223015b_NAME = Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien
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223015b_PORT = 1311
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223015b_KAPITEL = 00-intro 01-grundlagen-text-audio 02-bild-audio-video 03-speichermedien-schnittstellen 04-distribution-apis-zukunft 05-vertiefung-offene-fragen klausur
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223015b_KAPITEL = 00-intro 01-grundlagen-text-audio 02-bild-audio-video 03-speichermedien-schnittstellen 04-distribution-apis-zukunft 05-vertiefung-offene-fragen klausurfolien
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223015b_DEPLOY_PATH = /home/tengo/html/hdm/223015b
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223015c_NAME = Internettechnologien
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223015c_PORT = 1312
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223015c_KAPITEL = 01-geschichte-grundlagen-html 02-netzwerke-protokolle-css 03-interaktivitaet-javascript klausur
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223015c_KAPITEL = 01-geschichte-grundlagen-html 02-netzwerke-protokolle-css 03-interaktivitaet-javascript klausurfolien
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223015c_DEPLOY_PATH = /home/tengo/html/hdm/223015c
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DEPLOY_HOST = tengo@tuttle.uberspace.de
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@@ -33,9 +27,7 @@ help:
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@echo " 223015c - Internettechnologien"
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@echo ""
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@echo "Development:"
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@echo " make dev - Both servers + index (ports 1311, 1312, 1313)"
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@echo " make dev-b - Dev server for 223015b (port 1312)"
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@echo " make dev-c - Dev server for 223015c (port 1313)"
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@echo " make dev - Start development server (port 3000)"
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@echo ""
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@echo "Build:"
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@echo " make build - Build all courses"
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@@ -43,7 +35,7 @@ help:
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@echo " make build-c - Build 223015c only"
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@echo " make pdf - Export all to PDF"
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@echo " make html - Export all to HTML"
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@echo " make klausur - Extract klausur slides"
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@echo " make klausur - Extract klausurfolien slides"
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@echo ""
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@echo "Tools:"
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@echo " make qr URL=... - Generate QR code for URL"
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@@ -63,25 +55,14 @@ build/.exists:
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@mkdir -p build/223015b build/223015c
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@touch $@
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# Development servers
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# Development server
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dev:
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@./scripts/dev-server.sh
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dev-kill:
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@-pkill -f "python3 -m http.server" 2>/dev/null || true
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@-pkill -f "marp-cli.*--server" 2>/dev/null || true
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@sleep 0.5
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dev-b:
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@echo "Starting 223015b dev server on port $(223015b_PORT)..."
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@echo "Open: http://localhost:$(223015b_PORT)"
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PORT=$(223015b_PORT) npx @marp-team/marp-cli --server $(SLIDES_DIR)/223015b/
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dev-c:
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@echo "Starting 223015c dev server on port $(223015c_PORT)..."
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@echo "Open: http://localhost:$(223015c_PORT)"
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PORT=$(223015c_PORT) npx @marp-team/marp-cli --server $(SLIDES_DIR)/223015c/
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# Build functions
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define build_course
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@echo "Building $(1)..."
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@@ -158,7 +139,7 @@ klausur-c:
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@./scripts/extract-klausur.sh 223015c
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klausur: klausur-b klausur-c
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@echo "Klausur slides extracted for all courses!"
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@echo "Klausurfolien slides extracted for all courses!"
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# QR Code generation (uses nix-shell)
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qr:
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14
README.md
14
README.md
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ build/ # Generated output (gitignored)
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## Development
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```bash
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# Start dev servers (hot reload)
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make dev # All courses + index
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make dev-b # 223015b only (port 1311)
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make dev-c # 223015c only (port 1312)
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# Start development server (hot reload)
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make dev # Single server for all courses (port 3000)
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# Access individual courses:
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# 223015b: http://localhost:3000/223015b/
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# 223015c: http://localhost:3000/223015c/
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```
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## Build
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@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ make html # HTML only
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make pdf # PDF only
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```
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## Klausur Slides
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## Klausur Folien
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Extract exam-relevant slides (marked with `<!-- _class: klausur -->`) into a single file:
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@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ make klausur-b # 223015b only
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make klausur-c # 223015c only
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```
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Output: `slides/<course>/klausur.md`
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Output: `slides/<course>/klausurfolien.md`
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The generated file includes:
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- A title slide per kapitel for orientation
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@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
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"version": "1.0.0",
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"description": "HdM Stuttgart - Lecture Slides (Marp)",
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"scripts": {
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"dev:b": "PORT=1312 marp --server --allow-local-files courses/223015b/slides/",
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"dev:c": "PORT=1313 marp --server --allow-local-files courses/223015c/slides/",
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"dev": "PORT=3000 marp --server --allow-local-files slides/",
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"build": "make build",
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"build:b": "make build-b",
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"build:c": "make build-c",
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"pdf": "make pdf",
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"html": "make html",
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"klausur": "make klausur",
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"deploy": "make deploy",
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"test": "echo \"No tests specified\" && exit 0"
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},
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"keywords": ["marp", "slides", "hdm", "lectures"],
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@@ -1,106 +1,53 @@
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# Development server script for HdM slides
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# Starts index server + marp servers for each course
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# Simplified development server for HdM slides
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# Starts single Marp server for all courses
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set -e
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# Configuration
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INDEX_PORT=1310
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COURSE_B_PORT=1311
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COURSE_C_PORT=1312
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SLIDES_DIR="slides"
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DEV_INDEX_DIR=".dev-index"
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DEV_PORT=3000
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# Colors
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RED='\033[0;31m'
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GREEN='\033[0;32m'
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BLUE='\033[0;34m'
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RED='\033[0;31m'
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NC='\033[0m' # No Color
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# Cleanup function
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cleanup() {
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echo -e "\n${RED}Shutting down servers...${NC}"
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kill $PID_INDEX $PID_B $PID_C 2>/dev/null || true
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echo -e "\n${RED}Shutting down dev server...${NC}"
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pkill -f "marp-cli.*--server" 2>/dev/null || true
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exit 0
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}
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# Kill existing processes on our ports
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# Kill existing processes on our port
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kill_existing() {
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echo -e "${BLUE}Cleaning up existing processes...${NC}"
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# Kill marp processes first
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pkill -9 -f "marp-cli" 2>/dev/null || true
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pkill -f "python3 -m http.server" 2>/dev/null || true
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# Kill ports including marp's WebSocket ports (37717-37720 range)
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fuser -k $INDEX_PORT/tcp $COURSE_B_PORT/tcp $COURSE_C_PORT/tcp 2>/dev/null || true
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fuser -k 37717/tcp 37718/tcp 37719/tcp 37720/tcp 2>/dev/null || true
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sleep 2
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}
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# Generate dev index
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generate_index() {
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mkdir -p "$DEV_INDEX_DIR"
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cat > "$DEV_INDEX_DIR/index.html" << 'EOF'
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||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
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||||
<html lang="de">
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||||
<head>
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||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<title>HdM Slides - Dev</title>
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||||
<style>
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||||
*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}
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||||
body{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"SF Pro Display","Segoe UI",Roboto,sans-serif;max-width:720px;margin:0 auto;padding:3rem 1.5rem;background:#fafafa;color:#1d1d1f;line-height:1.5}
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h1{font-size:2rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-0.02em;margin-bottom:.5rem}
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||||
.subtitle{color:#86868b;font-size:1rem}
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.courses{margin-top:2rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.75rem}
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a.course{display:block;background:#fff;border-radius:12px;padding:1.5rem;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);transition:all .2s ease;cursor:pointer}
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a.course:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.12)}
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.course-label{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em}
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.course-b .course-label{color:#1e5f8a}
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.course-c .course-label{color:#d63384}
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||||
.course-title{font-size:1.15rem;font-weight:500;color:#1d1d1f;margin:.25rem 0}
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.course-info{font-size:.85rem;color:#86868b}
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||||
</style>
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||||
</head>
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||||
<body>
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||||
<h1>HdM Slides</h1>
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||||
<p class="subtitle">Development Server</p>
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||||
<div class="courses">
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||||
EOF
|
||||
echo " <a class=\"course course-b\" href=\"http://localhost:$COURSE_B_PORT\"><span class=\"course-label\">223015b</span><div class=\"course-title\">Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege</div><span class=\"course-info\">Port $COURSE_B_PORT</span></a>" >> "$DEV_INDEX_DIR/index.html"
|
||||
echo " <a class=\"course course-c\" href=\"http://localhost:$COURSE_C_PORT\"><span class=\"course-label\">223015c</span><div class=\"course-title\">Grundlagen IT- und Internettechnik</div><span class=\"course-info\">Port $COURSE_C_PORT</span></a>" >> "$DEV_INDEX_DIR/index.html"
|
||||
cat >> "$DEV_INDEX_DIR/index.html" << 'EOF'
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||||
</div>
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||||
</body>
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||||
</html>
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||||
EOF
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||||
fuser -k $DEV_PORT/tcp 2>/dev/null || true
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||||
sleep 1
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||||
}
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||||
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||||
# Main
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||||
trap cleanup SIGINT SIGTERM
|
||||
|
||||
kill_existing
|
||||
generate_index
|
||||
|
||||
echo -e "${GREEN}Starting development servers...${NC}"
|
||||
echo -e "${GREEN}Starting development server...${NC}"
|
||||
echo ""
|
||||
echo -e " Index: ${BLUE}http://localhost:$INDEX_PORT${NC}"
|
||||
echo -e " 223015b: ${BLUE}http://localhost:$COURSE_B_PORT${NC}"
|
||||
echo -e " 223015c: ${BLUE}http://localhost:$COURSE_C_PORT${NC}"
|
||||
echo -e " Server: ${BLUE}http://localhost:$DEV_PORT${NC}"
|
||||
echo -e " Slides: ${BLUE}$SLIDES_DIR/${NC}"
|
||||
echo ""
|
||||
echo -e "Press ${RED}Ctrl+C${NC} to stop all servers"
|
||||
echo -e "Available courses:"
|
||||
echo -e " 223015b: ${BLUE}http://localhost:$DEV_PORT/223015b/${NC}"
|
||||
echo -e " 223015c: ${BLUE}http://localhost:$DEV_PORT/223015c/${NC}"
|
||||
echo ""
|
||||
echo -e "Press ${RED}Ctrl+C${NC} to stop the server"
|
||||
echo ""
|
||||
|
||||
# Start servers
|
||||
python3 -m http.server $INDEX_PORT --directory "$DEV_INDEX_DIR" &
|
||||
PID_INDEX=$!
|
||||
# Start single Marp server for all slides
|
||||
PORT=$DEV_PORT npx @marp-team/marp-cli --server "$SLIDES_DIR/"
|
||||
|
||||
PORT=$COURSE_B_PORT npx @marp-team/marp-cli --server "$SLIDES_DIR/223015b/" &
|
||||
PID_B=$!
|
||||
|
||||
sleep 3 # Stagger starts to avoid WebSocket port collision
|
||||
|
||||
PORT=$COURSE_C_PORT npx @marp-team/marp-cli --server "$SLIDES_DIR/223015c/" &
|
||||
PID_C=$!
|
||||
|
||||
# Wait for any process to exit
|
||||
wait
|
||||
# Wait for process to exit
|
||||
wait
|
||||
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env bash
|
||||
# Extract klausur-relevant slides from all kapitel
|
||||
# Usage: ./extract-klausur.sh <course_id>
|
||||
# Output: slides/<course>/klausur.md
|
||||
# Output: slides/<course>/klausurfolien.md
|
||||
|
||||
set -e
|
||||
|
||||
COURSE="${1:-223015b}"
|
||||
SLIDES_DIR="slides/$COURSE"
|
||||
OUTPUT_FILE="$SLIDES_DIR/klausur.md"
|
||||
OUTPUT_FILE="$SLIDES_DIR/klausurfolien.md"
|
||||
|
||||
# Find the first kapitel file (01-*.md) to copy styles from
|
||||
FIRST_KAPITEL=$(ls "$SLIDES_DIR"/01-*.md 2>/dev/null | head -1)
|
||||
# Find the first kapitel file (00-intro.md or 01-*.md) to copy styles from
|
||||
FIRST_KAPITEL=$(ls "$SLIDES_DIR"/00-intro.md "$SLIDES_DIR"/01-*.md 2>/dev/null | head -1)
|
||||
|
||||
if [[ -z "$FIRST_KAPITEL" ]]; then
|
||||
echo "Error: No 01-*.md file found in $SLIDES_DIR"
|
||||
echo "Error: No 00-intro.md or 01-*.md file found in $SLIDES_DIR"
|
||||
exit 1
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ awk '
|
||||
' "$FIRST_KAPITEL" >> "$OUTPUT_FILE"
|
||||
|
||||
# Process each kapitel file in order - extract klausur slides only
|
||||
for md_file in $(ls "$SLIDES_DIR"/[0-9][0-9]-*.md 2>/dev/null | grep -v klausur | sort); do
|
||||
for md_file in $(ls "$SLIDES_DIR"/[0-9][0-9]-*.md 2>/dev/null | grep -v klausurfolien | sort); do
|
||||
filename=$(basename "$md_file")
|
||||
kapitel_num=$(echo "$filename" | grep -oE '^[0-9]+' | sed 's/^0*//')
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -246,19 +246,19 @@ for html in $(ls "$BUILD_DIR"/[0-9][0-9]-*.html 2>/dev/null | sort); do
|
||||
LINK
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
# Add klausur entry if it exists
|
||||
if [[ -f "$BUILD_DIR/klausur.html" ]]; then
|
||||
# Add klausurfolien entry if it exists
|
||||
if [[ -f "$BUILD_DIR/klausurfolien.html" ]]; then
|
||||
pdf_link=""
|
||||
if [[ -f "$BUILD_DIR/klausur.pdf" ]]; then
|
||||
pdf_link="<a href=\"klausur.pdf\" class=\"btn btn-pdf\">PDF</a>"
|
||||
if [[ -f "$BUILD_DIR/klausurfolien.pdf" ]]; then
|
||||
pdf_link="<a href=\"klausurfolien.pdf\" class=\"btn btn-pdf\">PDF</a>"
|
||||
fi
|
||||
cat >> "$BUILD_DIR/index.html" << KLAUSUR
|
||||
<div class="kapitel-card" style="border-left: 3px solid $ACCENT_COLOR;">
|
||||
<a href="klausur.html" class="kapitel-link">
|
||||
<a href="klausurfolien.html" class="kapitel-link">
|
||||
<div class="kapitel-label">Prüfung</div>
|
||||
<div class="kapitel-title">Klausurrelevante Folien</div>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<a href="klausur.html" class="btn btn-slides">Folien</a>
|
||||
<a href="klausurfolien.html" class="btn btn-slides">Folien</a>
|
||||
$pdf_link
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
KLAUSUR
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -1,563 +0,0 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
marp: true
|
||||
theme: gaia
|
||||
paginate: true
|
||||
backgroundColor: #fff
|
||||
header: "Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege (223015b)"
|
||||
footer: "Michael Czechowski – HdM Stuttgart"
|
||||
title: Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege
|
||||
---
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
:root {
|
||||
--color-foreground: #1a1a2e;
|
||||
--color-highlight: #1e5f8a;
|
||||
--color-dimmed: #4a4a6a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.invert {
|
||||
--color-foreground: #fff;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section {
|
||||
font-size: 1.7rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
h1 {
|
||||
color: #1e5f8a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.invert h1 {
|
||||
color: #fff;
|
||||
}
|
||||
h2 {
|
||||
color: #1f2937;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre {
|
||||
background: #0f0f23;
|
||||
color: #5fb3e4;
|
||||
border-radius: 8px;
|
||||
border-left: 3px solid #1e5f8a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre code {
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
code {
|
||||
background: #1a1a2e;
|
||||
color: #5fb3e4;
|
||||
padding: 0.15em 0.4em;
|
||||
border-radius: 4px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
a {
|
||||
color: var(--color-highlight);
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.klausur {
|
||||
background: repeating-linear-gradient(
|
||||
135deg,
|
||||
#e3f2fd,
|
||||
#e3f2fd 40px,
|
||||
#fff 40px,
|
||||
#fff 80px
|
||||
) !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@media print {
|
||||
section.klausur {
|
||||
background: #e3f2fd !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.aufgabe {
|
||||
background: #e3f2fd !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.aufgabe footer {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
|
||||
║ AUTO-GENERATED FILE - DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY ║
|
||||
║ ║
|
||||
║ This file is generated by: make klausur ║
|
||||
║ Source: scripts/extract-klausur.sh ║
|
||||
║ ║
|
||||
║ To update, edit the source slides and re-run make klausur ║
|
||||
╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _class: invert -->
|
||||
<!-- _header: '' -->
|
||||
<!-- _backgroundColor: #000 -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege
|
||||
|
||||
**223015b** · Modul "Technik 1" · 1. Semester
|
||||
Digital- und Medienwirtschaft
|
||||
Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart
|
||||
|
||||
[https://librete.ch/hdm/223015b/](https://librete.ch/hdm/223015b/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Verlustfrei vs. Verlustbehaftet
|
||||
|
||||
| | Verlustfrei (Lossless) | Verlustbehaftet (Lossy) |
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
| **Prinzip** | **Redundanz** entfernen | **Irrelevanz** entfernen |
|
||||
| **Reversibel** | Ja (Original wiederherstellbar) | Nein (Information unwiederbringlich weg) |
|
||||
| **Reduktion** | 30-50% | 80-99% |
|
||||
| **Formate** | ZIP, PNG, FLAC, GIF | JPEG, MP3, H.264/H.265 |
|
||||
|
||||
**Faustregel:**
|
||||
- Medien für Endnutzer → Lossy oft akzeptabel
|
||||
- Quellmaterial, Code, Archive → Lossless nötig
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
REDUNDANZ: Wiederholende Muster kompakter darstellen (z.B. "AAAA" → "4×A")
|
||||
IRRELEVANZ: Für Menschen nicht wahrnehmbar (Psychoakustik, Psychovisuell)
|
||||
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Verlustfrei = Original 1:1 wiederherstellbar
|
||||
- Verlustbehaftet = Information geht verloren, aber kaum wahrnehmbar
|
||||
- Redundanz vs. Irrelevanz ist der Kernunterschied!
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Dateneinheiten
|
||||
|
||||
| Einheit | Bytes | Potenz | Beispiel |
|
||||
|---------|------:|:------:|----------|
|
||||
| **Byte** | 1 | 10⁰ | Farbwerte eines Pixels |
|
||||
| **Kilobyte (KB)** | 1.000 | 10³ | Kleiner Programmcode |
|
||||
| **Megabyte (MB)** | 1 Million | 10⁶ | Textdokument |
|
||||
| **Gigabyte (GB)** | 1 Milliarde | 10⁹ | Kinofilm in FullHD |
|
||||
| **Terabyte (TB)** | 1 Billion | 10¹² | ~12h Video in 4K |
|
||||
| **Petabyte (PB)** | 1 Billiarde | 10¹⁵ | Netflix-Gesamtarchiv |
|
||||
| **Exabyte (EB)** | 1 Trillion | 10¹⁸ | Alle E-Mails weltweit/Tag |
|
||||
| **Zettabyte (ZB)** | 1 Trilliarde | 10²¹ | Internet-Traffic 2016 |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
SI-Präfixe (Dezimal): 1 KB = 1.000 Bytes
|
||||
Binär (IEC): 1 KiB = 1.024 Bytes (Kibibyte)
|
||||
Windows zeigt oft binär, sagt aber "KB" → Verwirrung!
|
||||
1 TB Festplatte = ~931 GiB nutzbar
|
||||
|
||||
Eselsbrücke: "Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa Zetta Yotta"
|
||||
→ "Komm Mit Großem Tee, Peter Exte Zettelt Yachten"
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Der digitale Wendepunkt
|
||||
|
||||
| Jahr | Analog | Digital | Digital-Anteil |
|
||||
|------|--------|---------|----------------|
|
||||
| **1986** | 2,6 EB | 0,02 EB | **1%** |
|
||||
| **2002** | — | — | **50%** (Wendepunkt) |
|
||||
| **2007** | 18 EB | 277 EB | **94%** |
|
||||
|
||||
**Perspektive:**
|
||||
- 1986: "Petabyte" war ein theoretisches Konzept
|
||||
- 2025: ~181 Zettabyte jährlich produziert
|
||||
|
||||
**Magnetband lebt:** LTO-Tapes bleiben günstigstes Archivmedium
|
||||
(AWS Glacier, Film-Archive, Rechenzentren)
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
PRÜFUNGSRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Wendepunkt 2002
|
||||
- Speichereinheiten (KB→MB→GB→TB→PB→EB→ZB)
|
||||
- Magnetband als Archivmedium
|
||||
|
||||
QUELLE: Hilbert & López (2011): "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", Science
|
||||
|
||||
METHODIK: 60 analoge + digitale Technologien untersucht (1986-2007)
|
||||
|
||||
WENDEPUNKT 2002: Erstmals mehr digital als analog gespeichert
|
||||
|
||||
ANALOG damals: Bücher, Zeitungen, Vinyl, VHS, Filmrollen, Fotos
|
||||
|
||||
DIGITAL damals: Festplatten, CDs, DVDs, frühe Flash-Speicher
|
||||
|
||||
HEUTE: LTO-9 (2021) speichert 18 TB pro Band, ~$5/TB für Cold Storage
|
||||
|
||||
VERGLEICH: SSD ~$50/TB, HDD ~$15/TB, LTO ~$5/TB
|
||||
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Analoge Medien
|
||||
### Distribution: physisch (Kauf, Verleih, Kopie)
|
||||
|
||||
- **Text**
|
||||
- Bücher, Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Lochkarten
|
||||
- **Bild**
|
||||
- Fotografie (Negativ, Dia, Polaroid), Mikrofilm
|
||||
- **Audio:**
|
||||
- Schallplatte (Vinyl, Schellack), Tonband, Musikkassette
|
||||
- **Video:**
|
||||
- Film (35mm, Super 8), VHS, Betamax
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Digitale Medien
|
||||
### Distribution: Datenträger (CD, USB), Download, Streaming, P2P
|
||||
|
||||
- **Text**
|
||||
- E-Book (PDF, EPUB), Dokumente (TXT, DOCX)
|
||||
- **Bild**
|
||||
- Digitalfoto (JPEG, PNG, RAW, WebP, GIF)
|
||||
- **Audio**
|
||||
- Audiodatei (MP3, FLAC, WAV, AAC, OGG)
|
||||
- **Video**
|
||||
- Videodatei (MP4, MKV, AVI, WebM)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Digitale Speichermedien
|
||||
|
||||
- **Optische Speicher**
|
||||
- CD, DVD, Blu-ray
|
||||
- **Magnetische Speicher**
|
||||
- Festplatte (HDD), Magnetband (LTO)
|
||||
- **Flash-Speicher**
|
||||
- SSD, USB-Stick, SD-Karte
|
||||
- **Cloud-Speicher**
|
||||
- Dropbox, Google Drive, iCloud, AWS S3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Rastergrafiken
|
||||
|
||||
**Aufbau:** Liste von Pixeln mit Farbwerten (2D-Array)
|
||||
|
||||
**Speicherbedarf (unkomprimiert):**
|
||||
Breite × Höhe × Farbtiefe (in Bytes)
|
||||
|
||||
**Beispiele:** JPEG, PNG, WebP
|
||||
|
||||
| Bits (Farbtiefe) | Farben | Anwendung |
|
||||
|-----:|-------:|-----------|
|
||||
| 1 | 2 | Schwarz/Weiß (Fax) |
|
||||
| 8 | 256 | Graustufen, GIF |
|
||||
| 24 | 16,7 Mio. | True Color (Standard) |
|
||||
| 32 | 16,7 Mio. + Alpha | Transparenz |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
BERECHNUNG: Breite × Höhe × (Farbtiefe / 8)
|
||||
BEISPIEL: 1920×1080 × 24 Bit = 1920×1080×3 = 6.220.800 Bytes ≈ 6,2 MB
|
||||
|
||||
Farbtiefe erklärt:
|
||||
- 1 Bit: 2^1 = 2 Farben
|
||||
- 8 Bit: 2^8 = 256 Farben
|
||||
- 24 Bit: 2^24 = 16.777.216 Farben (je 8 Bit für R, G, B)
|
||||
- 32 Bit: 24 Bit + 8 Bit Alpha-Kanal
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Vektorgrafiken
|
||||
|
||||
**Speicherung als geometrische Primitive:**
|
||||
- Pfade (Bézierkurven mit Kontrollpunkten)
|
||||
- Grundformen (Rechteck, Ellipse, Polygon)
|
||||
- Text (Glyphen als Outlines)
|
||||
|
||||
**SVG-Beispiel:**
|
||||
```xml
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="#ff0000"/>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<small>SVG beschreibt nicht jeden einzelnen Pixel im Raster, sondern deklariert wie Farben und Formen gesetzt werden.</small>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Vektorgrafiken beschreiben WAS gezeichnet werden soll.
|
||||
Rastergrafiken beschreiben WIE jeder Pixel aussieht.
|
||||
|
||||
Rendering-Pipeline:
|
||||
Vektordaten → Rasterisierung → Framebuffer → Display
|
||||
|
||||
Beim Skalieren werden einfach die Koordinaten multipliziert.
|
||||
Keine Information geht verloren.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Die Schwächen des Auges
|
||||
|
||||
**Menschen sehen:**
|
||||
- Helligkeit besser als Farbe
|
||||
- Große Flächen besser als feine Details
|
||||
- Niedrige Frequenzen besser als hohe
|
||||
|
||||
**JPEG nutzt das aus:**
|
||||
- Farbauflösung reduzieren (aber Helligkeit behalten)
|
||||
- Glatte Flächen effizient speichern
|
||||
- Hohe Frequenzen (Details) verwerfen
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Das ist die visuelle Entsprechung zur Psychoakustik.
|
||||
|
||||
Das Auge hat mehr Rezeptoren für Helligkeit (Stäbchen)
|
||||
als für Farbe (Zapfen).
|
||||
|
||||
Hohe Frequenzen = schnelle Wechsel = feine Details
|
||||
Niedrige Frequenzen = langsame Wechsel = große Flächen
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# JPEG: Schritt 1 – Farbraumkonversion
|
||||
|
||||
**RGB → Y'CbCr** (seltener Y'UV)
|
||||
|
||||
- **Y** = Helligkeit (Luminanz) – Was das Auge am besten sieht
|
||||
- **Cb** = Blau-Gelb-Anteil (Chrominanz)
|
||||
- **Cr** = Rot-Grün-Anteil (Chrominanz)
|
||||
|
||||
**Warum diese Trennung?**
|
||||
Y (Helligkeit) behält volle Auflösung.
|
||||
Cb/Cr (Farbe) kann reduziert werden – Auge merkt es kaum.
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
YCbCr ist wie RGB ein Tripel aus 3 Werten pro Pixel.
|
||||
Der Unterschied: Statt Rot-Grün-Blau speichern wir Helligkeit + 2 Farbdifferenzen.
|
||||
|
||||
Die Umrechnung ist reversibel (mathematische Transformation).
|
||||
Der Clou: Jetzt können wir Helligkeit und Farbe getrennt behandeln.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# JPEG: Schritt 6 – Huffman-Coding
|
||||
|
||||
**Verlustfreie Kompression der Restwerte**
|
||||
|
||||
**Idee:** Statt fester 8 Bit pro Wert → variable Bitlänge
|
||||
Häufige Werte bekommen kurze Bit-Sequenzen.
|
||||
|
||||
| Zeichen | Häufigkeit | Code (Bit-Sequenz) |
|
||||
|---------|------------|------|
|
||||
| e | 40% | `0` (1 Bit) |
|
||||
| a | 25% | `10` (2 Bit) |
|
||||
| i | 20% | `110` (3 Bit) |
|
||||
| o | 10% | `1110` (4 Bit) |
|
||||
| u | 5% | `1111` (4 Bit) |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Huffman-Coding ist verlustfrei.
|
||||
Der "Code" ist eine Bit-Sequenz, die das Zeichen eindeutig identifiziert.
|
||||
Weil "e" am häufigsten vorkommt, bekommt es den kürzesten Code.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Container und Codec
|
||||
|
||||
**Container = Das Dateiformat (Beispiel: MP4)**
|
||||
Die "Box", die verschiedene Streams zusammenpackt:
|
||||
- Video-Stream
|
||||
- Audio-Stream(s)
|
||||
- Untertitel
|
||||
- Metadaten
|
||||
|
||||
**Codec = Der Kompressionsalgorithmus (Beispiel: AV1)**
|
||||
Entscheidet, WIE komprimiert wird.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Container ≠ Codec
|
||||
Das ist ein häufiges Missverständnis.
|
||||
|
||||
MP4 ist ein Container, nicht ein Codec.
|
||||
Ein MP4 kann H.264, H.265 oder AV1 enthalten.
|
||||
|
||||
Übrigens: JPEG ist ein Codec (für Bilder), kein Container.
|
||||
Bei Bildern fallen Container und Codec oft zusammen.
|
||||
|
||||
Tools wie MediaInfo zeigen beide Informationen.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# H.264 / AVC
|
||||
|
||||
**Advanced Video Coding (2003)**
|
||||
|
||||
**Warum dominant?**
|
||||
- Exzellente Kompression (~100:1 möglich)
|
||||
- Hardware-Support in jedem Gerät seit ~2010
|
||||
- YouTube, Netflix, Blu-ray – alles H.264
|
||||
|
||||
**Features:**
|
||||
- Variable Block-Größen (16×16 bis 4×4)
|
||||
- Deblocking-Filter (reduziert Block-Artefakte)
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
H.264 revolutionierte Video-Streaming.
|
||||
Ohne H.264 kein Netflix, kein YouTube in HD.
|
||||
|
||||
Hardware-Decoder bedeutet: Kein CPU-Aufwand, kein Akku-Drain.
|
||||
Selbst billige Smartphones können H.264 abspielen.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# AV1: Die offene Zukunft
|
||||
|
||||
**AV1 (2018)**
|
||||
|
||||
**Alliance for Open Media:**
|
||||
Google, Netflix, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple, Mozilla...
|
||||
|
||||
**Eigenschaften:**
|
||||
- 30% besser als H.265
|
||||
- Royalty-free, Open Source
|
||||
- 8K, HDR, hohe Frame-Rates
|
||||
|
||||
**Stand 2025:**
|
||||
YouTube und Netflix nutzen AV1 für 4K/8K
|
||||
Hardware-Encoder in aktuellen GPUs
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
AOM = Alliance for Open Media, gegründet 2015.
|
||||
Historisch: Konkurrierende Tech-Giganten vereint.
|
||||
|
||||
Das Ziel: Nie wieder Patent-Chaos wie bei H.265.
|
||||
|
||||
Problem: Encoding ist sehr langsam (10-100× vs. H.264).
|
||||
Hardware-Encoder lösen das zunehmend.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Wann HDD, wann SSD?
|
||||
|
||||
| Anwendung | Empfehlung |
|
||||
|-----------|------------|
|
||||
| Betriebssystem | SSD (NVMe) |
|
||||
| Anwendungen, Spiele | SSD |
|
||||
| Video-Editing (Projekte) | SSD |
|
||||
| Foto-Archiv | HDD oder SSD |
|
||||
| Backup | HDD |
|
||||
| NAS / Server | HDD (oder Mix) |
|
||||
| Cold Storage | HDD oder Band |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Die Faustregel:
|
||||
- Oft genutzt, schnell gebraucht → SSD
|
||||
- Selten genutzt, viel Kapazität → HDD
|
||||
|
||||
Viele setzen auf beides:
|
||||
Kleine SSD für System + große HDD für Archiv.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Die 3-2-1-Regel
|
||||
|
||||
**3** Kopien eurer Daten
|
||||
(Original + 2 Backups)
|
||||
|
||||
**2** verschiedene Medientypen
|
||||
(z.B. SSD + HDD, oder lokal + Cloud)
|
||||
|
||||
**1** Kopie an anderem Ort
|
||||
(Offsite: Cloud, anderes Gebäude)
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Herkunft: Peter Krogh, "The DAM Book" (2005)
|
||||
|
||||
Warum 3 Kopien?
|
||||
- Original kann kaputt gehen
|
||||
- Backup 1 auch
|
||||
- Backup 2 = Sicherheitspuffer
|
||||
|
||||
Warum 2 Medientypen?
|
||||
- Gleiche Medien haben gleiche Schwachstellen
|
||||
- Batch-Fehler bei HDDs derselben Charge
|
||||
|
||||
Warum 1 Offsite?
|
||||
- Brand/Wasserschaden zerstört alles vor Ort
|
||||
- Ransomware verschlüsselt angeschlossene Laufwerke
|
||||
-->
|
||||
458
slides/223015b/klausurfolien.md
Normal file
458
slides/223015b/klausurfolien.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
marp: true
|
||||
theme: gaia
|
||||
paginate: true
|
||||
backgroundColor: #fff
|
||||
header: "Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege (223015b)"
|
||||
footer: "Michael Czechowski – HdM Stuttgart – WS 2025/26"
|
||||
title: Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege
|
||||
---
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
:root {
|
||||
--color-foreground: #1a1a2e;
|
||||
--color-highlight: #1e5f8a;
|
||||
--color-dimmed: #4a4a6a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.invert {
|
||||
--color-foreground: #fff;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section {
|
||||
font-size: 1.7rem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
h1 {
|
||||
color: #1e5f8a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.invert h1 {
|
||||
color: #fff;
|
||||
}
|
||||
h2 {
|
||||
color: #1f2937;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre {
|
||||
background: #0f0f23;
|
||||
color: #5fb3e4;
|
||||
border-radius: 8px;
|
||||
border-left: 3px solid #1e5f8a;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre code {
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
code {
|
||||
background: #1a1a2e;
|
||||
color: #5fb3e4;
|
||||
padding: 0.15em 0.4em;
|
||||
border-radius: 4px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
a {
|
||||
color: var(--color-highlight);
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.klausur {
|
||||
background: repeating-linear-gradient(
|
||||
135deg,
|
||||
#e3f2fd,
|
||||
#e3f2fd 40px,
|
||||
#fff 40px,
|
||||
#fff 80px
|
||||
) !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@media print {
|
||||
section.klausur {
|
||||
background: #e3f2fd !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.aufgabe {
|
||||
background: #e3f2fd !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
section.aufgabe footer {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
|
||||
║ AUTO-GENERATED FILE - DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY ║
|
||||
║ ║
|
||||
║ This file is generated by: make klausur ║
|
||||
║ Source: scripts/extract-klausur.sh ║
|
||||
║ ║
|
||||
║ To update, edit the source slides and re-run make klausur ║
|
||||
╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _class: invert -->
|
||||
<!-- _header: '' -->
|
||||
<!-- _backgroundColor: #000 -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Dateiformate, Schnittstellen, Speichermedien & Distributionswege
|
||||
|
||||
**223015b** · Modul "Technik 1" · 1. Semester
|
||||
Digital- und Medienwirtschaft
|
||||
Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart
|
||||
|
||||
**Wintersemester 2025/26**
|
||||
|
||||
[https://librete.ch/hdm/223015b/](https://librete.ch/hdm/223015b/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Rastergrafiken
|
||||
|
||||
**Aufbau:** Liste von Pixeln mit Farbwerten (2D-Array)
|
||||
|
||||
**Speicherbedarf (unkomprimiert):**
|
||||
Breite × Höhe × Farbtiefe (in Bytes)
|
||||
|
||||
**Beispiele:** JPEG, PNG, WebP
|
||||
|
||||
| Bits (Farbtiefe) | Farben | Anwendung |
|
||||
|-----:|-------:|-----------|
|
||||
| 1 | 2 | Schwarz/Weiß (Fax) |
|
||||
| 8 | 256 | Graustufen, GIF |
|
||||
| 24 | 16,7 Mio. | True Color (Standard) |
|
||||
| 32 | 16,7 Mio. + Alpha | Transparenz |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Formel: Breite × Höhe × (Farbtiefe / 8) = Bytes
|
||||
- Beispielrechnung: 1920 × 1080 × 3 = 6.220.800 Bytes ≈ 6,2 MB
|
||||
- Farbtiefe: 2^n Farben bei n Bit
|
||||
- 24 Bit = 8 Bit pro Kanal (R, G, B)
|
||||
- 32 Bit = 24 Bit + 8 Bit Alpha (Transparenz)
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Vektorgrafiken
|
||||
|
||||
**Speicherung als geometrische Primitive:**
|
||||
- Pfade (Bézierkurven mit Kontrollpunkten)
|
||||
- Grundformen (Rechteck, Ellipse, Polygon)
|
||||
- Text (Glyphen als Outlines)
|
||||
|
||||
**SVG-Beispiel:**
|
||||
```xml
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="#ff0000"/>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<small>SVG beschreibt WAS gezeichnet werden soll, nicht WIE jeder Pixel aussieht.</small>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Vektor = Beschreibung (deklarativ)
|
||||
- Raster = Pixel für Pixel (imperativ)
|
||||
- Rendering-Pipeline: Vektordaten → Rasterisierung → Display
|
||||
- Skalierung = Koordinaten multiplizieren → keine Information geht verloren
|
||||
- SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics (Web-Standard)
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Die Schwächen des Auges
|
||||
|
||||
**Menschen sehen:**
|
||||
- Helligkeit besser als Farbe
|
||||
- Große Flächen besser als feine Details
|
||||
- Niedrige Frequenzen besser als hohe
|
||||
|
||||
**JPEG nutzt das aus:**
|
||||
- Farbauflösung reduzieren (Helligkeit behalten)
|
||||
- Glatte Flächen effizient speichern
|
||||
- Hohe Frequenzen (feine Details) verwerfen
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Mehr Stäbchen (Helligkeit) als Zapfen (Farbe) im Auge
|
||||
- "Frequenz" = räumliche Frequenz = wie schnell ändert sich Helligkeit?
|
||||
- Niedrig = langsame Änderung = große gleichmäßige Fläche
|
||||
- Hoch = schnelle Änderung = feine Details, Kanten
|
||||
- Analogie zur Psychoakustik bei MP3 (letztes Mal)
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# JPEG Schritt 1: Farbraumkonversion
|
||||
|
||||
**RGB → Y'CbCr**
|
||||
|
||||
- **Y** = Helligkeit (Luminanz)
|
||||
- **Cb** = Blau-Gelb-Anteil (Chrominanz)
|
||||
- **Cr** = Rot-Grün-Anteil (Chrominanz)
|
||||
|
||||
**Warum?**
|
||||
Y (Helligkeit) behält volle Auflösung
|
||||
Cb/Cr (Farbe) kann reduziert werden
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- YCbCr = auch 3 Werte pro Pixel, aber anders organisiert
|
||||
- Statt R-G-B: Helligkeit + 2 Farbdifferenzen
|
||||
- Umrechnung ist reversibel (mathematische Transformation)
|
||||
- Vorteil: Helligkeit und Farbe getrennt behandelbar
|
||||
- Bild zeigt: Y (oben), Cb (Mitte), Cr (unten)
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# JPEG Schritt 6: Huffman-Coding
|
||||
|
||||
**Verlustfreie Kompression der Restwerte**
|
||||
|
||||
**Idee:** Variable Bitlänge statt fester 8 Bit
|
||||
Häufige Werte → kurze Codes
|
||||
|
||||
| Zeichen | Häufigkeit | Code |
|
||||
|---------|------------|------|
|
||||
| e | 40% | `0` (1 Bit) |
|
||||
| a | 25% | `10` (2 Bit) |
|
||||
| i | 20% | `110` (3 Bit) |
|
||||
| o | 10% | `1110` (4 Bit) |
|
||||
| u | 5% | `1111` (4 Bit) |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Huffman = verlustfrei, optimal für bekannte Häufigkeiten
|
||||
- Präfix-frei: Kein Code ist Anfang eines anderen
|
||||
- Häufigstes Zeichen = kürzester Code
|
||||
- Auch in ZIP, PNG, MP3 verwendet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
# Huffman-Coding: Beispiel
|
||||
|
||||
**Originaltext:** `ABRACADABRA` (11 Zeichen × 8 Bit = 88 Bit)
|
||||
|
||||
**Häufigkeitsanalyse:**
|
||||
A=5, B=2, R=2, C=1, D=1
|
||||
|
||||
**Huffman-Baum → Codes:**
|
||||
| Zeichen | Häufigkeit | Code |
|
||||
|---------|------------|------|
|
||||
| A | 5 | `0` |
|
||||
| B | 2 | `10` |
|
||||
| R | 2 | `110` |
|
||||
| C | 1 | `1110` |
|
||||
| D | 1 | `1111` |
|
||||
|
||||
**Codiert:** `0 10 110 0 1110 0 1111 0 10 110 0` = **23 Bit**
|
||||
**Kompression:** 88 → 23 Bit = **74% gespart**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Beispiel Schritt für Schritt durchrechnen
|
||||
- Warum funktioniert's? A kommt 5× vor, bekommt kürzesten Code
|
||||
- Präfix-Eigenschaft: Kein Code ist Anfang eines anderen → eindeutig dekodierbar
|
||||
- Frage: "Was passiert, wenn alle Zeichen gleich häufig sind?" → Keine Ersparnis
|
||||
- In JPEG: Nicht Buchstaben, sondern DCT-Koeffizienten werden so codiert
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# WebP & AVIF: Moderne Alternativen
|
||||
|
||||
**WebP (Google, 2010):**
|
||||
- Lossy und Lossless
|
||||
- Transparenz und Animationen
|
||||
- 25–35% kleiner als JPEG
|
||||
|
||||
**AVIF (2019):**
|
||||
- Basiert auf AV1-Video-Codec
|
||||
- 50% kleiner als JPEG
|
||||
- HDR-Unterstützung, patent-frei
|
||||
|
||||
**Browser-Support 2025:** WebP universell, AVIF wächst
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- WebP: VP8-Kompression (Google Video-Codec)
|
||||
- AVIF: Alliance for Open Media (Google, Netflix, Amazon, Apple, Mozilla)
|
||||
- Beide besser als JPEG, aber Kompatibilität bleibt Problem
|
||||
- JPEG bleibt dominant: alte Kameras, Software, Workflows
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Container und Codec
|
||||
|
||||
**Container = Dateiformat (z.B. MP4)**
|
||||
Die "Box", die verschiedene Streams zusammenpackt:
|
||||
- Video-Stream
|
||||
- Audio-Stream(s)
|
||||
- Untertitel
|
||||
- Metadaten
|
||||
|
||||
**Codec = Kompressionsalgorithmus (z.B. H.264)**
|
||||
Bestimmt, WIE komprimiert wird
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- Container ≠ Codec (häufiges Missverständnis!)
|
||||
- MP4 kann H.264, H.265 oder AV1 enthalten
|
||||
- Gleiche Endung, unterschiedlicher Inhalt
|
||||
- Tool-Tipp: MediaInfo zeigt beides an
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# H.264 / AVC
|
||||
|
||||
**Advanced Video Coding (2003)**
|
||||
|
||||
**Warum dominant?**
|
||||
- Exzellente Kompression (~100:1 möglich)
|
||||
- Hardware-Decoder in jedem Gerät seit ~2010
|
||||
- YouTube, Netflix, Blu-ray – alles H.264
|
||||
|
||||
**Features:**
|
||||
- Variable Block-Größen (16×16 bis 4×4)
|
||||
- Deblocking-Filter (reduziert Artefakte)
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- H.264 revolutionierte Video-Streaming
|
||||
- Ohne H.264 kein Netflix, kein YouTube HD
|
||||
- Hardware-Decoder = kein CPU-Aufwand, kein Akku-Drain
|
||||
- Selbst billigste Smartphones können H.264 abspielen
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# AV1: Die offene Zukunft
|
||||
|
||||
**AV1 (2018)**
|
||||
|
||||
**Alliance for Open Media:**
|
||||
Google, Netflix, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple, Mozilla...
|
||||
|
||||
**Eigenschaften:**
|
||||
- 30% besser als H.265
|
||||
- Royalty-free, Open Source
|
||||
- 8K, HDR, hohe Frame-Rates
|
||||
|
||||
**Stand 2025:**
|
||||
YouTube, Netflix nutzen AV1 für 4K/8K
|
||||
Hardware-Encoder in aktuellen GPUs
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
KLAUSURRELEVANT:
|
||||
- AOM gegründet 2015 – historisch: Konkurrenten vereint
|
||||
- Ziel: Nie wieder Patent-Chaos wie bei H.265
|
||||
- Problem: Encoding sehr langsam (10–100× vs. H.264)
|
||||
- Hardware-Encoder lösen das zunehmend
|
||||
- AV1 gewann 2024 einen Emmy für technische Innovation
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Wann HDD, wann SSD?
|
||||
|
||||
| Anwendung | Empfehlung |
|
||||
|-----------|------------|
|
||||
| Betriebssystem | SSD (NVMe) |
|
||||
| Anwendungen, Spiele | SSD |
|
||||
| Video-Editing (Projekte) | SSD |
|
||||
| Foto-Archiv | HDD oder SSD |
|
||||
| Backup | HDD |
|
||||
| NAS / Server | HDD (oder Mix) |
|
||||
| Cold Storage | HDD oder Band |
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Die Faustregel:
|
||||
- Oft genutzt, schnell gebraucht → SSD
|
||||
- Selten genutzt, viel Kapazität → HDD
|
||||
|
||||
Viele setzen auf beides:
|
||||
Kleine SSD für System + große HDD für Archiv.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- _header: "" -->
|
||||
<!-- _footer: "" -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Die 3-2-1-Regel
|
||||
|
||||
**3** Kopien eurer Daten
|
||||
(Original + 2 Backups)
|
||||
|
||||
**2** verschiedene Medientypen
|
||||
(z.B. SSD + HDD, oder lokal + Cloud)
|
||||
|
||||
**1** Kopie an anderem Ort
|
||||
(Offsite: Cloud, anderes Gebäude)
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Herkunft: Peter Krogh, "The DAM Book" (2005)
|
||||
|
||||
Warum 3 Kopien?
|
||||
- Original kann kaputt gehen
|
||||
- Backup 1 auch
|
||||
- Backup 2 = Sicherheitspuffer
|
||||
|
||||
Warum 2 Medientypen?
|
||||
- Gleiche Medien haben gleiche Schwachstellen
|
||||
- Batch-Fehler bei HDDs derselben Charge
|
||||
|
||||
Warum 1 Offsite?
|
||||
- Brand/Wasserschaden zerstört alles vor Ort
|
||||
- Ransomware verschlüsselt angeschlossene Laufwerke
|
||||
-->
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user